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1  <!DOCTYPE html>  <!DOCTYPE html>
2  <html lang="en" class="formal-specification status-work-in-progress">  <html lang="en" class="formal-specification"><!-- work-in-progress -->
3  <head>  <head>
4  <title>Selectors Serialization Format for Testing (SSFT) Specification</title>  <title>Selectors Serialization Format for Testing (SSFT) Specification</title>
5  <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/style/html/spec">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/style/html/spec">
# Line 10  Line 10 
10  <div class="header">  <div class="header">
11  <h1>Selectors Serialization Format for Testing (<abbr>SSFT</abbr>)  <h1>Selectors Serialization Format for Testing (<abbr>SSFT</abbr>)
12  Specification</h1>  Specification</h1>
13  <h2>Working Draft <time datetime=2007-10-22>22 October 2007</time></h2>  <h2>First Edition <!-- Working Draft -->
14    <time datetime=2007-11-05>5 November 2007</time></h2>
15    
16  <dl class="versions-uri">  <dl class="versions-uri">
17  <dt>This Version</dt>  <dt>This Version</dt>
18    <dd><code class="URI">&lt;<a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft"    <dd><code class="URI">&lt;<a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft-20071105"
19        >http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft</a>&gt;</code></dd>        >http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft-20071105</a>&gt;</code></dd>
20  <dt>Latest Version</dt>  <dt>Latest Version</dt>
21    <dd><code class="URI">&lt;<a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft"    <dd><code class="URI">&lt;<a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft"
22        >http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft</a>&gt;</code></dd>        >http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft</a>&gt;</code></dd>
 <!--  
23  <dt>Latest Working Draft</dt>  <dt>Latest Working Draft</dt>
24  -->    <dd><code class="URI">&lt;<a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft-work"
25          >http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft-work</a>&gt;</code></dd>
26  <!-- <dt>Previous Version</dt> -->  <!-- <dt>Previous Version</dt> -->
27  <dt>Version History</dt>  <dt>Version History</dt>
28    <dd><code class=URI>&lt;<a href="http://suika.fam.cx/gate/cvs/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft.en.html">http://suika.fam.cx/gate/cvs/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft.en.html</a>&gt;</code></dd>    <dd><code class=URI>&lt;<a href="http://suika.fam.cx/gate/cvs/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft-work.en.html">http://suika.fam.cx/gate/cvs/markup/selectors/ssft/ssft-work.en.html</a>&gt;</code></dd>
29  </dl>  </dl>
30  <dl class="authors" id="author">  <dl class="authors" id="author">
31  <dt>Author</dt>  <dt>Author</dt>
# Line 52  available at <code class="URI">&lt;<a Line 53  available at <code class="URI">&lt;<a
53  <div id="abstract" class="section">  <div id="abstract" class="section">
54  <h2>Abstract</h2>  <h2>Abstract</h2>
55    
56  <div class="ed issue">...</div>  <p>This document defines
57    <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>,
58    a subset of Selectors language which is suitable for describing results
59    of Selectors parsing tests.</p>
60    
61  </div>  </div>
62    
# Line 63  available at <code class="URI">&lt;<a Line 67  available at <code class="URI">&lt;<a
67  at the time of its publication.  Other documents  at the time of its publication.  Other documents
68  might supersede this document.</em></p>  might supersede this document.</em></p>
69    
70  <p>This document is a working draft, produced as part of the  <p>This document is the specification
71    <!-- This document is a working draft -->
72    of <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>,
73    produced as part of the
74  <a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/html/whatpm/readme">Whatpm</a>  <a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/markup/html/whatpm/readme">Whatpm</a>
75  subproject  subproject
76  of the <a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/manakai-core/doc/web/">manakai</a>  of the <a href="http://suika.fam.cx/www/manakai-core/doc/web/">manakai</a>
77  project.  It might be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by  project.
78    <!-- It might be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by
79  other documents at any time.  It is inappropriate to  other documents at any time.  It is inappropriate to
80  cite this document as other than <q>work in progress</q>.</p>  cite this document as other than <q>work in progress</q>. --></p>
81    
82  <p>Comments on this document are welcome and  <p>Comments on this document are welcome and
83  may be sent to the <a href="#author">author</a>.</p>  may be sent to the <a href="#author">author</a>.</p>
# Line 98  in a tree structure and are used in Web Line 106  in a tree structure and are used in Web
106  <abbr>API</abbr></a>  <abbr>API</abbr></a>
107  <cite class="bibref informative">[<a href="#ref-SAPI">SAPI</a>]</cite>.</p>  <cite class="bibref informative">[<a href="#ref-SAPI">SAPI</a>]</cite>.</p>
108    
109  <div class="issue ed">...</div>  <p>It is so flexible language that a conceptually same pattern
110    can be represented in inifnite numbers of instances of selectors.
111    It might be convinient for e.g. validation of a test result to
112    define a subset of the language, in which no semantically equivalent
113    selectors are contained.</p>
114    
115  <p><a href="http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/csswg/cssom/Overview.html">The  <p><a href="http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/csswg/cssom/Overview.html">The
116  <abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets Object Model">CSSOM</abbr>  <abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets Object Model">CSSOM</abbr>
# Line 111  attribute.  However, the algorithm is in Line 123  attribute.  However, the algorithm is in
123  <time datetime=2007-09-25>at the time of the writing</time>.    <time datetime=2007-09-25>at the time of the writing</time>.  
124  Note that current Web browser implementations  Note that current Web browser implementations
125  of the <code>selectorText</code> attribute are consistently broken  of the <code>selectorText</code> attribute are consistently broken
126  in not escaping unsafe identifiers.</p>  in not escaping unsafe identifiers and therefore it is not wise
127    to deploy that format for testing.</p>
128    
129  </div>  </div>
130    
# Line 120  in not escaping unsafe identifiers.</p> Line 133  in not escaping unsafe identifiers.</p>
133    
134  <p>The key words <q><dfn id=must><em class="rfc2119">MUST</em></dfn></q>,  <p>The key words <q><dfn id=must><em class="rfc2119">MUST</em></dfn></q>,
135  <q><dfn id=must-not><em class="rfc2119">MUST NOT</em></dfn></q>,  <q><dfn id=must-not><em class="rfc2119">MUST NOT</em></dfn></q>,
136  <q><dfn id=should><em class="rfc2119">SHOULD</em></dfn></q>,  <q><dfn id=should><em class="rfc2119">SHOULD</em></dfn></q>, and
 <q><dfn id=should-not><em class="rfc2119">SHOULD NOT</em></dfn></q>, and  
137  <q><dfn id=may><em class=rfc2119>MAY</em></dfn></q> in this  <q><dfn id=may><em class=rfc2119>MAY</em></dfn></q> in this
138  document are to be interpreted as described in  document are to be interpreted as described in
139  <a href="urn:ietf:rfc:2119"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr>  <a href="urn:ietf:rfc:2119"><abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr>
140  2119</a>  2119</a>
141  <cite class="bibref normative">[<a href="#ref-KEYWORDS">KEYWORDS</a>]</cite>.</p>  <cite class="bibref normative">[<a href="#ref-KEYWORDS">KEYWORDS</a>]</cite>.</p>
142    
143    <p>Requirements phrased in the imperative as part of algorithms are to be
144    interpreted with the meaning of the key word (<em class=rfc2119>MUST</em>)
145    used in introducing the algorithm.</p>
146    
147    <p>Conformance requirements phrased as algorithms or specific steps
148    <em class=rfc2119>MAY</em> be implemented in any manner, so long as the end
149    result is equivalent.</p>
150    
151  <!-- Strictly speaking the paragraph below is not part of terminology. -->  <!-- Strictly speaking the paragraph below is not part of terminology. -->
152  <p>All examples and notes in this specification are non$B!>(Bnormative,  <p>All examples and notes in this specification are non$B!>(Bnormative,
153  as are all sections explicitly marked non$B!>(Bnormative.  Everything  as are all sections explicitly marked non$B!>(Bnormative.  Everything
# Line 140  simple selector in a selector.</p> Line 160  simple selector in a selector.</p>
160  </div>  </div>
161    
162  <div class="section" id="serializing">  <div class="section" id="serializing">
163  <h2>Serializing Selectors as  <h2>Serializing Selectors in
164  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
165  Representation</h2>  Representation</h2>
166    
167  <div class="issue ed">  <p>Subsections of this section define algorithms
168  <p><a href="http://suika.fam.cx/gate/cvs/*checkout*/markup/html/whatpm/Whatpm/CSS/SelectorsSerializer.pm">See the reference implementation</a>  to <a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector">serialize a simple
169  for now.</p>  selector</a> or <a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-group-of-selectors">serialize
170    a group of selectors</a>.</p>
171    
172    <div class="note memo">
173    <p>The serialized representation will not contain any comment.</p>
174  </div>  </div>
175    
176  <div class=section id=serializing-groups-of-selectors>  <div class=section id=serializing-tokens>
177  <h3>Serializing Groups of Selectors</h3>  <h3>Serializing Tokens</h3>
178    
179  <p>No <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>  <p>To <dfn id=algorithm-normalize-an-ident title="normalize a string as an IDENT">normalize
180  representation is defined for an invalid group of selectors.</p>  a string (<dfn id=var-n><var>n</var></dfn>) as an <code>IDENT</code></dfn>,
181    the following algorithm <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be used:</p>
182    <ol>
183    <li>If <var>n</var> is either an <code>IDENT</code> or a <code>HASH</code>,
184    replace the escape sequences (<code>\</code> and following characters) in
185    <var>n</var> by characters represented by them respectively.</li>
186    <li>If <var>n</var> is a <code>HASH</code>, remove the leading
187    <code class=char>U+0023</code> <code class=charname>NUMBER SIGN</code>
188    (<code class=char>#</code>) character from <var>n</var>.</li>
189    <li>If there is any character that is <em>not</em> one of
190    <code class=char>U+002D</code> <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code>
191    (<code class=char>-</code>), <code class=char>U+0030</code>
192    <code class=charname>DIGIT ZERO</code>
193    (<code class=char>0</code>) to <code class=char>U+0039</code>
194    <code class=charname>DIGIT NINE</code> (<code class=char>9</code>),
195    <code class=char>U+0041</code> <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER
196    A</code> (<code class=char>A</code>) to <code class=char>U+005A</code>
197    <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>Z</code>),
198    <code class=char>U+005F</code> <code class=charname>LOW LINE</code>
199    (<code class=char>_</code>), <code class=char>U+0061</code>
200    <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER A</code>
201    (<code class=char>a</code>) to <code class=char>U+006A</code>
202    <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>z</code>),
203    <code class=char>U+0080</code> to <code class=char>U+D7FF</code>, or
204    <code class=char>U+E000</code> to <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code> in
205    <var>n</var>, then replace it by string <code>\<var>HHHHHH</var></code>, where
206    <dfn id=var-ident-HHHHHH><var>HHHHHH</var></dfn> is the uppercase
207    zero$B!>(Bpadded hexadecimal representation of the character.  If the character
208    is outside the range of <code>[<code class=char>U+0000</code>,
209    <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code>]</code>, <var>HHHHHH</var>
210    <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be <code>FFFFFF</code>.</li>
211    <li>If the first character in <var>n</var> is one of
212    <code class=char>U+0030</code> <code class=charname>DIGIT ZERO</code>
213    (<code class=char>0</code>) to <code class=char>U+0039</code>
214    <code class=charname>DIGIT NINE</code> (<code class=char>9</code>),
215    then prepend a string <code>\00003</code> at the beginning of
216    <var>n</var>.</li>
217    <li>If the first character in <var>n</var> is <code class=char>U+002D</code>
218    <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>) and
219    the second character, if any, is <em>not</em> one of
220    <code class=char>U+0041</code> <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER
221    A</code> (<code class=char>A</code>) to <code class=char>U+005A</code>
222    <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>Z</code>),
223    <code class=char>U+005F</code> <code class=charname>LOW LINE</code>
224    (<code class=char>_</code>), <code class=char>U+0061</code>
225    <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER A</code>
226    (<code class=char>a</code>) to <code class=char>U+006A</code>
227    <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>z</code>),
228    <code>U+0080</code> to <code>U+D7FF</code>, or
229    <code>U+E000</code> to <code>U+10FFFF</code>, or
230    <var>n</var> is equal to <code class=char>U+002D</code>
231    <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>), then
232    replace the <code class=char>U+002D</code>
233    <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>)
234    character by string <code>\00002D</code>.</li>
235    <li>Then, <var>n</var> is the result of the algorithm.</li>
236    </ol>
237    
238    <p>To <dfn id=algorithm-normalize-a-string title="normalize a string (STRING or IDENT) as a STRING">normalize
239    a string (<dfn id=var-s><var>s</var></dfn>) as a <code>STRING</code></dfn>,
240    the following algorithm <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be used:</p>
241    <ol>
242    <li>If <var>s</var> is either an <code>IDENT</code> or a
243    <code>STRING</code>, replace the escape sequences (<code>\</code> and
244    following characters) in <var>s</var> by characters represented by them
245    (or an empty string if <code>\</code> is immediately followed by
246    newline character(s)) respectively.</li>
247    <li>If <var>s</var> is a <code>STRING</code>, remove the quotation marks
248    enclosing <var>s</var>.</li>
249    <li><p>If there is any character that is <em>not</em> one of
250    <code class=char>U+0020</code> <code class=charname>SPACE</code>,
251    <code class=char>U+0021</code> <code class=charname>EXCLAMATION MARK</code>
252    (<code class=char>!</code>), <code class=char>U+0023</code>
253    <code class=charname>NUMBER SIGN</code> (<code class=char>#</code>) to
254    <code class=char>U+005B</code> <code class=charname>LEFT SQUARE
255    BRACKET</code>, <code class=char>U+005D</code> <code class=charname>RIGHT
256    SQUARE BRACKET</code> to <code class=char>U+D7FF</code>, or
257    <code class=char>U+E000</code> to <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code> in
258    <var>s</var>, then replace it by string <code>\<var>HHHHHH</var></code>, where
259    <dfn id=var-string-HHHHHH><var>HHHHHH</var></dfn> is the uppercase
260    zero$B!>(Bpadded hexadecimal representation of the character.  If the character
261    is outside the range of <code>[<code class=char>U+0000</code>,
262    <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code>]</code>, <var>HHHHHH</var>
263    <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be <code>FFFFFF</code>.</p></li>
264    <li><p>Insert a <code class=char>U+0022</code> <code class=charname>QUOTATION
265    MARK</code> (<code class=char>"</code>) at the beginning of
266    <var>s</var>.</p></li>
267    <li><p>Insert a <code class=char>U+0022</code> <code class=charname>QUOTATION
268    MARK</code> (<code class=char>"</code>) at the end of <var>s</var>.</p></li>
269    <li><p>Then, <var>s</var> is the result of the algorithm.</p></li>
270    </ol>
271    
272    <p>A <dfn id=newline title=newline>newline</dfn>
273    <em class=rfc2119>SHOULD</em> be represented as a
274    <code class=char>U+000A</code> <code class=charname>LINE FEED</code>
275    character.  However, depending on the context where
276    the <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
277    representation is in use, a sequence of
278    <code class=char>U+000D</code> <code class=charname>CARRIAGE RETURN</code>
279    followed by a <code class=char>U+000A</code>
280    <code class=charname>LINE FEED</code> (i.e. a
281    <code>CRLF</code> sequence) or a character
282    <code class=char>U+000D</code> <code class=charname>CARRIAGE RETURN</code>
283    <em class=rfc2119>MAY</em> be used as a <a href="#newline">newline</a> instead.
284    <a href="#newline">Newline</a> representations
285    <em class=rfc2119>SHOULD</em> be consistent in an
286    <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
287    representation.</p>
288    
289  <div class="note memo">  <div class="note memo">
290  <p>The serialized representation will not contain any comment.</p>  <p>Therefore, newlines must be normalized before
291    <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
292    representations are literally compared.</p>
293  </div>  </div>
294    
295  <!-- TODO: link terms to Selectors -->  <div class="issue ed">
296    <p>In a future version of the specification, we need to define
297    <dfn id=lowercase>lowercase</dfn> (maybe by referencing some version of
298    some module of <abbr>CSS</abbr>).  It is <code>tr/A-Z/a-z/</code> for now.</p>
299    </div>
300    
301  <p>To  <p>To
302  <dfn id=algorithm-serialize-a-group-of-selectors title="serialize a group of selectors">serialize  <dfn id=algorithm-normalize-an-integer title="normalize an integer">normalize
303  a group of selectors (<dfn id=var-gs><var>gs</var></dfn>)</dfn>:</p>  an integer (<dfn id=var-int-i><var>i</var></dfn>)</dfn>, the following
304  <ol>  algorithm <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be used:</p>
305  <li>Let <dfn id=var-result><var>result</var></dfn> an empty string.</li>  <ol class=algorithm>
306  <li>For each selector (<dfn id=var-selector><var>selector</var></dfn>) in  <li>If <var>i</var> is equal to zero (0), return a string with only a
307  <var>gs</var>:  character: <code class=char>U+0030</code>
308    <ol>  <code class=charname>DIGIT ZERO</code> (<code class=char>0</code>).
309    <li>If <var>selector</var> is <em>not</em> the first selector  Stop the algorithm.</li>
310    in the group of selectors, then append a <code class=char>U+002C</code>  <li>Let <dfn id=var-int-result><var>result</var></dfn> be an empty string.</li>
311    <code class=charname>COMMA</code> (<code class=char>,</code>) followed by a  <li>If <var>i</var> is less than zero (0), append a
312    <a href="#newline">newline</a> to <var>result</var>.</li>  <code class=char>U+002D</code> <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code>
313    <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>  (<code class=char>-</code>) character to <var>result</var>.</li>
314    <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to <var>result</var>.</li>  <li>Append the decimal representation of the absolute value of
315    <li>Process each sequence of simple selectors or  <var>i</var> to <var>result</var>.  The decimal (base$B!>(Bten) representation
316    combinator in <var>selector</var> by following algorithm:  <em class=rfc2119>MUST NOT</em> begin with a <code class=char>U+0030</code>
317      <dl class=switch>  <code class=charname>DIGIT ZERO</code> (<code class=char>0</code>)
318      <dt>If it is a sequence of simle selector  character.</li>
319      (<dfn id=var-sss><var>sss</var></dfn>)</dt>  <li>Return <var>result</var>.</li>
       <dd>  
         <ol>  
         <li class=ed><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector">Serialize  
         each simple selector</a> in <var>sss</var>.</li>  
         <li class=ed>sort</li>  
         <li>Append a <a href="#newline">newline</a> to <var>result</var>.</li>  
         </ol>  
       </dd>  
     <dt>If it is a combinator (<dfn id=var-c><var>c</var></dfn>)</dt>  
       <dd>  
         <ol>  
         <li>Append two <code class=char>U+0020</code>  
         <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to <var>result</var>.</li>  
         <li>  
           <dl class=switch>  
           <dt>If <var>c</var> is descendant combinator (white space)</dt>  
             <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+0020</code>  
             <code class=charname>SPACE</code> character to  
             <var>result</var>.</dd>  
           <dt>If <var>c</var> is child combinator  
           (<code class=char>></code>)</dt>  
             <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+003E</code>  
             <code class=charname>GREATER-THAN SIGN</code>  
             (<code class=char>></code>) character to <var>result</var>.</dd>  
           <dt>If <var>c</var> is adjacent sibling combinator  
           (<code class=char>+</code>)</dt>  
             <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+002B</code>  
             <code class=charname>PLUS SIGN</code> (<code class=char>+</code>)  
             character to <var>result</var>.</dd>  
           <dt>If <var>c</var> is general sibling combinator  
           (<code class=char>~</code>)</dt>  
             <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+007E</code>  
             <code class=charname>TILDE</code> (<code class=char>~</code>)  
             character to <var>result</var>.</dd>  
           </dl>  
         </li>  
         <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0020</code>  
         <code class=charname>SPACE</code> character to  
         <var>result</var>.</li>  
         </ol>  
       </dd>  
     </dl>  
   </ol>  
 </li>  
 <li>Then, <var>result</var> is the  
 <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>  
 representation of <var>gs</var>.</li>  
320  </ol>  </ol>
321    
322  </div>  </div>
323    
324    
325  <div class=section id=serializing-simple-selectors>  <div class=section id=serializing-simple-selectors>
326  <h3>Serializing Simple Selectors</h3>  <h3>Serializing Simple Selectors</h3>
327    
328    <p>No <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
329    representation is defined for an invalid <a href="#simple-selector">simple
330    selector</a>.</p>
331    
332  <p>To  <p>To
333  <dfn id=algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector title="serialize a simple selector">serialize  <dfn id=algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector title="serialize a simple selector">serialize
334  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>ss</var></dfn>)</dfn>:</p>  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>ss</var></dfn>)</dfn>,
335    the following algorithm <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be used:</p>
336    <ol>
337    <li>Let <dfn id=var-r><var>r</var></dfn> an empty string.</li>
338    <li>Process <var>ss</var> as following:
339    
340  <dl class=switch>  <dl class=switch>
341  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is a type or universal selector</dt>  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is a type or universal selector</dt>
342    <dd>    <dd>
343      <ol>      <ol>
344      <li>      <li>Append a namespace prefix as following:
345    
346        <dl class=switch>        <dl class=switch>
347        <dt>If a namespace URI is specified (via namespace prefix, or        <dt>If a namespace URI is specified (via namespace prefix, or
348        by omitting namespace prefix where a default namespace is specified)</dt>        by omitting namespace prefix where a default namespace is specified)</dt>
349          <dd class="ed">@@</dd>          <dd>Append the namespace URI as a
350            <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string as an IDENT">normalized
351            <code>IDENT</code></a> to <var>r</var>.  Then, append a
352            <code class=char>U+007C</code>
353            <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)
354            character to <var>r</var>.</dd>
355        <dt>If the null namespace is specified (by zero$B!>(Blength namespace        <dt>If the null namespace is specified (by zero$B!>(Blength namespace
356        prefix)</dt>        prefix)</dt>
357          <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+007C</code>          <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+007C</code>
358          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)
359          character to <var>result</var>.</dd>          character to <var>r</var>.</dd>
360        <dt>If no namespace is specified (by namespace prefix <code>*</code>,        <dt>If no namespace is specified (by namespace prefix <code>*</code>,
361        or by omitting namespace prefix where no default namespace is        or by omitting namespace prefix where no default namespace is
362        specified)</dt>        specified)</dt>
# Line 258  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s Line 364  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s
364          <code class=charname>ASTERISK</code> (<code class=char>*</code>)          <code class=charname>ASTERISK</code> (<code class=char>*</code>)
365          character, followed by a <code class=char>U+007C</code>          character, followed by a <code class=char>U+007C</code>
366          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)
367          character, to <var>result</var>.</dd>          character, to <var>r</var>.</dd>
368        </dl>        </dl>
369      </li>      </li>
370      <li>If <var>ss</var> is a type selector, append the      <li>If <var>ss</var> is a type selector, append the
371      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize an IDENT">normalized</a>      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string (IDENT) an IDENT">normalized</a>
372      local name to <var>result</var>.</li>      local name to <var>r</var>.</li>
373      <li>If <var>ss</var> is a universal selector, append      <li>If <var>ss</var> is a universal selector, append
374      a <code class=char>U+002A</code> <code class=charname>ASTERISK</code>      a <code class=char>U+002A</code> <code class=charname>ASTERISK</code>
375      (<code class=char>*</code>) character to <var>result</var>.</li>      (<code class=char>*</code>) character to <var>r</var>.</li>
376      </ol>      </ol>
377    </dd>    </dd>
378  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is an attribute selector</dt>  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is an attribute selector</dt>
# Line 274  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s Line 380  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s
380      <ol>      <ol>
381      <li>Append a <code class=char>U+005B</code> <code class=charname>LEFT      <li>Append a <code class=char>U+005B</code> <code class=charname>LEFT
382      SQUARE BRACKET</code> (<code class=char>[</code>) to      SQUARE BRACKET</code> (<code class=char>[</code>) to
383      <var>result</var>.</li>      <var>r</var>.</li>
384      <li>      <li>
385        Append a namespace prefix as following:        Append a namespace prefix as following:
386        <dl>        <dl>
387        <dt>If a namespace URI is specified</dt>        <dt>If a namespace URI is specified</dt>
388          <dd class=ed>@@</dd>          <dd>Append the namespace URI as a
389          <dd class=ed>@@ Current reference implementation is wrong,          <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string as an IDENT">normalized
390          since its result of sorting depends on namespace prefix.</dd>          <code>IDENT</code></a> to <var>r</var>.  Then, append a
391            <code class=char>U+007C</code>
392            <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)
393            character to <var>r</var>.</dd>
394        <dt>If the null namespace is specified</dt>        <dt>If the null namespace is specified</dt>
395          <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+007C</code>          <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+007C</code>
396          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> character to          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> character to
397          <var>result</var>.</dd>          <var>r</var>.</dd>
398        <dt>If no namespace is specified</dt>        <dt>If no namespace is specified</dt>
399          <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+002A</code>          <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+002A</code>
400          <code class=charname>ASTERISK</code> (<code class=char>*</code>)          <code class=charname>ASTERISK</code> (<code class=char>*</code>)
401          character, followed by a <code class=char>U+007C</code>          character, followed by a <code class=char>U+007C</code>
402          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)          <code class=charname>VERTICAL BAR</code> (<code class=char>|</code>)
403          character, to <var>result</var>.</dd>          character, to <var>r</var>.</dd>
404        </dl>        </dl>
405      </li>      </li>
406      <li>Append the      <li>Append the
407      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize an IDENT">normalized</a>      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string (IDENT) as an IDENT">normalized</a>
408      local name to <var>result</var>.</li>      local name to <var>r</var>.</li>
409      <li>If a value is specified in <var>ss</var>:      <li>If a value is specified in <var>ss</var>:
410        <ol>        <ol>
411        <li>Depending on the way to match, append <code>=</code>,        <li>Depending on the way to match, append <code>=</code>,
412        <code>~=</code>, <code>|=</code>, <code>^=</code>,        <code>~=</code>, <code>|=</code>, <code>^=</code>,
413        <code>$=</code>, or <code>*=</code> to <var>result</var>.</li>        <code>$=</code>, or <code>*=</code> to <var>r</var>.</li>
414        <li>Append the        <li>Append the
415        <a href="#algorithm-normalize-a-string" title="normalize a string">normalized</a>        <a href="#algorithm-normalize-a-string" title="normalize a string">normalized</a>
416        value to <var>result</var>.</li>        value to <var>r</var>.</li>
417        </ol>        </ol>
418      </li>      </li>
419      <li>Append a <code class=char>U+005D</code> <code class=charname>RIGHT      <li>Append a <code class=char>U+005D</code> <code class=charname>RIGHT
420      SQUARE BRACKET</code> (<code class=char>]</code>) to      SQUARE BRACKET</code> (<code class=char>]</code>) to
421      <var>result</var>.</li>      <var>r</var>.</li>
422      </ol>      </ol>
423    </dd>    </dd>
424  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is a class selector</dt>  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is a class selector</dt>
425    <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+002E</code> <code class=charname>FULL    <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+002E</code> <code class=charname>FULL
426    STOP</code> (<code class=char>.</code>) character, followed    STOP</code> (<code class=char>.</code>) character, followed
427    by <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize an IDENT">normalized</a>    by <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string (IDENT) as an IDENT">normalized</a>
428    class name, <var>result</var>.</dd>    class name, to <var>r</var>.</dd>
429  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is an <abbr>ID</abbr> selector</dt>  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is an <abbr>ID</abbr> selector</dt>
430    <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+0023</code> <code class=charname>NUMBER    <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+0023</code> <code class=charname>NUMBER
431    SIGN</code> (<code class=char>#</code>) character, followed    SIGN</code> (<code class=char>#</code>) character, followed
432    by <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize an IDENT">normalized</a>    by <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string (HASH except for the leading #) as an IDENT">normalized</a>
433    <abbr>ID</abbr>, to <var>result</var>.</dd>    <abbr>ID</abbr>, to <var>r</var>.</dd>
434  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is a pseudo$B!>(Bclass selector</dt>  <dt>If <var>ss</var> is a pseudo$B!>(Bclass selector</dt>
435    <dd>    <dd>
436      <ol>      <ol>
437      <li>Append a <code class=char>U+003A</code>      <li>Append a <code class=char>U+003A</code>
438      <code class=charname>COLON</code> (<code class=char>:</code>) character      <code class=charname>COLON</code> (<code class=char>:</code>) character
439      to <var>result</var>.</li>      to <var>r</var>.</li>
440      <li>Append the      <li>Append the
441      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize an IDENT">normalized</a>      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string (IDENT) as an IDENT">normalized</a>
442      name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass to <var>result</var>.</li>      name (in <a href="#lowercase">lowercase</a>) of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass to
443        <var>r</var>.</li>
444      <li>Append any arguments as following:      <li>Append any arguments as following:
445        <dl class=switch>        <dl class=switch>
446        <dt>If the name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is <code>lang</code></dt>        <dt>If the name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is <code>lang</code></dt>
# Line 338  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s Line 448  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s
448            <ol>            <ol>
449            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT
450            PARENTHESIS</code> (<code class=char>(</code>) character            PARENTHESIS</code> (<code class=char>(</code>) character
451            to <var>result</var>.</li>            to <var>r</var>.</li>
452            <li>Append the            <li>Append the
453            <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize an IDENT">normalized</a>            <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string (IDENT) as an IDENT">normalized</a>
454            language tag (the argument) to <var>result</var>.</li>            language tag (the argument) to <var>r</var>.
455              <span class="issue ed">Should we normalize cases?</span></li>
456            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>
457            <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>            <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>
458            (<code class=char>)</code>) character            (<code class=char>)</code>) character
459            to <var>result</var>.</li>            to <var>r</var>.</li>
460            </ol>            </ol>
461          </dd>          </dd>
462        <dt>If the name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is        <dt>If the name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is
# Line 354  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s Line 465  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s
465            <ol>            <ol>
466            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT
467            PARENTHESIS</code> (<code class=char>(</code>) character            PARENTHESIS</code> (<code class=char>(</code>) character
468            to <var>result</var>.</li>            to <var>r</var>.</li>
469            <li>Append the            <li>Append the
470            <a href="#algorithm-normalize-a-string" title="normalize a string">normalized</a>            <a href="#algorithm-normalize-a-string" title="normalize a string">normalized</a>
471            string (the argument) to <var>result</var>.</li>            string (the argument) to <var>r</var>.</li>
472            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>
473            <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>            <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>
474            (<code class=char>)</code>) character            (<code class=char>)</code>) character
475            to <var>result</var>.</li>            to <var>r</var>.</li>
476            </ol>            </ol>
477          </dd>          </dd>
478        <dt>If name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is either <code>nth-child</code>,        <dt>If name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is either <code>nth-child</code>,
# Line 371  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s Line 482  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s
482            <ol>            <ol>
483            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT
484            PARENTHESIS</code> (<code class=char>(</code>) character            PARENTHESIS</code> (<code class=char>(</code>) character
485            to <var>result</var>.</li>            to <var>r</var>.</li>
486            <li>Append <span class=ed>@@ normalized</span>            <li>Let <dfn id=var-a><var>a</var></dfn> be the <var>a</var>
487            integer <var>a</var> to <var>result</var>.            part of the argument.  If the argument is a keyword <code>odd</code>
488            If the argument is a keyword <code>odd</code> or <code>even</code>,            or <code>even</code>, then let <var>a</var> be <code>2</code>.
489            <var>a</var> is <code>2</code>.  If <var>a</var> and            If the <var>a</var> part with following <code>n</code> character
490            <code>n</code> is omitted, <var>a</var> is assumed as            is omitted, then let <var>a</var> be <code>0</code>.
491            <code>0</code>.  Otherwise, if <var>a</var> is omitted,            Otherwise, if only the <var>a</var> part is omitted, then
492            it is assumed as <code>1</code> (or <code>-1</code>,            let <var>a</var> be <code>1</code>.  Otherwise, if the <var>a</var>
493            if there is a <code class=char>U+002D</code>            part is <code>-</code>, then let <var>a</var> be
494            <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>)            <code>-1</code>.</li>
495            character).</li>            <li>Let <var>a</var> be the
496              <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-integer" title="normalize an integer">normalized
497              string representation</a> of integer <var>a</var>.</li>
498              <li>Append <var>a</var> to <var>r</var>.</li>
499            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+006E</code>            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+006E</code>
500            <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER N</code>            <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER N</code>
501            (<code class=char>n</code>) character to <var>result</var>.</li>            (<code class=char>n</code>) character to <var>r</var>.</li>
502            <li>Append <span class=ed>@@ normalized</span>            <li>Let <dfn id=var-b><var>b</var></dfn> be the <var>b</var>
503            integer <var>b</var> to <var>result</var>.            part of the argument.  If the argument is a keyword <code>odd</code>,
504            It <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be preceded by a sign,            then let <var>b</var> be <code>1</code>.  If the argument is a
505            either <code class=char>U+002B</code> <code class=charname>PLUS            keyword <code>even</code>, then let <var>b</var> be <code>0</code>.
506            SIGN</code> (<code class=char>+</code>) or            If the <var>b</var> part is omitted, then let <var>b</var> be
507            <code class=char>U+002D</code>            <code>0</code>.</li>
508              <li>Let <var>b</var> be the
509              <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-integer" title="normalize an integer">normalized
510              string representation</a> of integer <var>b</var>.</li>
511              <li>If <var>b</var> does <em>not</em> start with a
512              <code class=char>U+002D</code>
513            <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>)            <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>)
514            character.  If the argument is a keyword <code>odd</code>,            character, then append <code class=char>U+002B</code>
515            <var>b</var> is <code>1</code>.  If the argument            <code class=charname>PLUS SIGN</code>
516            is a keyword <code>even</code>, <var>b</var> is            (<code class=char>+</code>) to <var>r</var>.</li>
517            <code>0</code>.  If <var>b</var> is omitted, it is assumed as            <li>Append <var>b</var> to <var>r</var>.</li>
           <code>0</code>.  The sign of <code>0</code>  
           <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be <code class=char>U+002B</code>  
           <code class=charname>PLUS SIGN</code>  
           (<code class=char>+</code>).</li>  
518            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>
519            <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>            <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>
520            (<code class=char>)</code>) character            (<code class=char>)</code>) character
521            to <var>result</var>.</li>            to <var>r</var>.</li>
522            </ol>            </ol>
523          </dd>          </dd>
524        <dt>If the name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is <code>not</code></dt>        <dt>If the name of the pseudo$B!>(Bclass is <code>not</code></dt>
# Line 417  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s Line 532  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s
532              <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER T</code>, and              <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER T</code>, and
533              <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT              <code class=char>U+0028</code> <code class=charname>LEFT
534              PARENTHESIS</code> (<code>:not(</code>), followed by a              PARENTHESIS</code> (<code>:not(</code>), followed by a
535              <a href="#newline">newline</a>, to <var>result</var>.</li>              <a href="#newline">newline</a>, to <var>r</var>.</li>
536              <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>              <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>
537              <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to              <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to
538              <var>result</var>.</li>              <var>r</var>.</li>
539              <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>              <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>
540              <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to              <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to
541              <var>result</var> again.</li>              <var>r</var> again.</li>
542              <li><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector">Serialize              <li><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector">Serialize
543              the simple selector specified as the argument to the              the simple selector specified as the argument to the
544              <code>not</code> pseudo$B!>(Bclass</a>.</li>              <code>not</code> pseudo$B!>(Bclass</a>.</li>
545              <li>Append a <a href="#newline">newline</a> to              <li>Append a <a href="#newline">newline</a> to
546              <var>result</var>.</li>              <var>r</var>.</li>
547              <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>              <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>
548              <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to              <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to
549              <var>result</var>.</li>              <var>r</var>.</li>
550              <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>              <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0029</code>
551              <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>              <code class=charname>RIGHT PARENTHESIS</code>
552              (<code class=char>)</code>) character              (<code class=char>)</code>) character
553              to <var>result</var>.</li>              to <var>r</var>.</li>
554            </ol>            </ol>
555          </dd>          </dd>
556          <dt>Otherwise</dt>
557            <dd>The pseudo$B!>(Bclass is not supported by this version of
558            <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
559            and therefore no
560            <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
561            representation is defined for <var>ss</var>.  Stop the algorithm.</dd>
562        </dl>        </dl>
563      </li>      </li>
564      </ol>      </ol>
# Line 447  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s Line 568  a simple selector (<dfn><var id=var-ss>s
568      <ol>      <ol>
569      <li>Append two <code class=char>U+003A</code>      <li>Append two <code class=char>U+003A</code>
570      <code class=charname>COLON</code> characters (<code>::</code>)      <code class=charname>COLON</code> characters (<code>::</code>)
571      to <var>result</var>.</li>      to <var>r</var>.</li>
572      <li>Append the      <li>Append the
573      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize an IDENT">normalized</a>      <a href="#algorithm-normalize-an-ident" title="normalize a string (IDENT) as an IDENT">normalized</a>
574      name of the pseudo$B!>(Belement to <var>result</var>.</li>      name (in <a href="#lowercase">lowercase</a>) of the pseudo$B!>(Belement
575      <!-- For future version: append "(", arguments, ")", if any. -->      to <var>r</var>.</li>
576        <li>If the pseudo$B!>(Belement has any arguments:
577            The pseudo$B!>(Belement is not supported by this version of
578            <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
579            and therefore no
580            <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
581            representation is defined for <var>ss</var>.  Stop the algorithm.
582        </li>
583      </ol>      </ol>
584    </dd>    </dd>
585  </dl>  </dl>
586    </li>
587    <li>Then, <var>r</var> is the
588    <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
589    representation of <var>ss</var>.</li>
590    </ol>
591    
592  </div>  </div>
593    
594  <div class=section id=serializing-tokens>  <div class=section id=serializing-groups-of-selectors>
595  <h3>Serializing Tokens</h3>  <h3>Serializing Groups of Selectors</h3>
596    
597  <p>To <dfn id=algorithm-normalize-an-ident title="normalize an IDENT">normalize  <p>No <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
598  an <code>IDENT</code> (<dfn id=var-n><var>n</var></dfn>)</dfn>:</p>  representation is defined for an invalid
599  <ol>  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#grouping">group of
600  <li>Replace the escape sequences (<code>\</code> and following  selectors</a>.</p>
 characters) in <var>n</var> by characters represented by them  
 respectively.</li>  
 <li>If there is any character that is <em>not</em> one of  
 <code class=char>U+002D</code> <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code>  
 (<code class=char>-</code>), <code class=char>U+0030</code>  
 <code class=charname>DIGIT ZERO</code>  
 (<code class=char>0</code>) to <code class=char>U+0039</code>  
 <code class=charname>DIGIT NINE</code> (<code class=char>9</code>),  
 <code class=char>U+0041</code> <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER  
 A</code> (<code class=char>A</code>) to <code class=char>U+005A</code>  
 <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>Z</code>),  
 <code class=char>U+005F</code> <code class=charname>LOW LINE</code>  
 (<code class=char>_</code>), <code class=char>U+0061</code>  
 <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER A</code>  
 (<code class=char>a</code>) to <code class=char>U+006A</code>  
 <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>z</code>),  
 <code class=char>U+0080</code> to <code class=char>U+D7FF</code>, or  
 <code class=char>U+E000</code> to <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code> in  
 <var>n</var>, then replace it by string <code>\<var>HHHHHH</var></code>, where  
 <dfn id=var-HHHHHH><var>HHHHHH</var></dfn> is the upper$B!>(Bcase zero$B!>(Bpadded  
 hexadecimal representation of the character.  If the character  
 is outside the range of <code>[<code class=char>U+0000</code>,  
 <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code>]</code>, <var>HHHHHH</var>  
 <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be <code>FFFFFF</code>.</li>  
 <li>If the first character in <var>n</var> is one of  
 <code class=char>U+0030</code> <code class=charname>DIGIT ZERO</code>  
 (<code class=char>0</code>) to <code class=char>U+0039</code>  
 <code class=charname>DIGIT NINE</code> (<code class=char>9</code>),  
 then prepend a string <code>\00003</code> at the beginning of  
 <var>n</var>.</li>  
 <li>If the first character in <var>n</var> is <code class=char>U+002D</code>  
 <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>) and  
 the second character, if any, is <em>not</em> one of  
 <code class=char>U+0041</code> <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER  
 A</code> (<code class=char>A</code>) to <code class=char>U+005A</code>  
 <code class=charname>LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>Z</code>),  
 <code class=char>U+005F</code> <code class=charname>LOW LINE</code>  
 (<code class=char>_</code>), <code class=char>U+0061</code>  
 <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER A</code>  
 (<code class=char>a</code>) to <code class=char>U+006A</code>  
 <code class=charname>LATIN SMALL LETTER Z</code> (<code class=char>z</code>),  
 <code>U+0080</code> to <code>U+D7FF</code>, or  
 <code>U+E000</code> to <code>U+10FFFF</code>, or  
 <var>n</var> is equal to <code class=char>U+002D</code>  
 <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>), then  
 replace the <code class=char>U+002D</code>  
 <code class=charname>HYPHEN-MINUS</code> (<code class=char>-</code>)  
 character by string <code>\00002D</code>.</li>  
 <li>Then, <var>n</var> is the result of the algorithm.</li>  
 </ol>  
601    
602  <p>To <dfn id=algorithm-normalize-a-string title="normalize a STRING">normalize  <p>To
603  a <code>STRING</code> (<dfn id=var-s><var>s</var></dfn>)</dfn>:</p>  <dfn id=algorithm-serialize-a-group-of-selectors title="serialize a group of selectors">serialize
604    a group of selectors (<dfn id=var-gs><var>gs</var></dfn>)</dfn>,
605    the following algorithm <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be used:</p>
606  <ol>  <ol>
607  <li><p>Replace the escape sequences (<code>\</code> and following  <li>Let <dfn id=var-result><var>result</var></dfn> an empty string.</li>
608  characters) in <var>s</var> by characters represented by them  <li>For each selector (<dfn id=var-selector><var>selector</var></dfn>) in
609  (or an empty string if <code>\</code> is immediately followed by  <var>gs</var>:
610  newline character(s)) respectively.</p></li>    <ol>
611  <li><p>Remove the quotation characters in <var>s</var>    <li>If <var>selector</var> is <em>not</em> the first selector
612  if <var>s</var> is a <code>STRING</code>.</p>    in the <var>gs</var>, then append a <code class=char>U+002C</code>
613      <code class=charname>COMMA</code> (<code class=char>,</code>) followed by a
614  <div class="note memo">    <a href="#newline">newline</a> to <var>result</var>.</li>
615  <p>The input <var>s</var> to this algorithm may be an    <li>Append four <code class=char>U+0020</code>
616  <code>IDENT</code>.</p>    <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to <var>result</var>.</li>
617  </div></li>    <li>Process each sequence of simple selectors or
618  <li><p>If there is any character that is <em>not</em> one of    combinator in <var>selector</var> as following:
619  <code class=char>U+0020</code> <code class=charname>SPACE</code>,      <dl class=switch>
620  <code class=char>U+0021</code> <code class=charname>EXCLAMATION MARK</code>      <dt>If it is a sequence of simle selector
621  (<code class=char>!</code>), <code class=char>U+0023</code>      (<dfn id=var-sss><var>sss</var></dfn>)</dt>
622  <code class=charname>NUMBER SIGN</code> (<code class=char>#</code>) to        <dd>
623  <code class=char>U+005B</code> <code class=charname>LEFT SQUARE          <ol>
624  BRACKET</code>, <code class=char>U+005D</code> <code class=charname>RIGHT          <li>If <var>sss</var> contains a universal or type selector, then
625  SQUARE BRACKET</code> to <code class=char>U+D7FF</code>, or          <a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector" title="serialize a simple selector">serialize
626  <code class=char>U+E000</code> to <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code> in          that simple selector</a> and append the result to
627  <var>s</var>, then replace it by string <code>\<var>HHHHHH</var></code>, where          <var>result</var>.</li>
628  <dfn id=var-HHHHHH><var>HHHHHH</var></dfn> is the upper$B!>(Bcase zero$B!>(Bpadded          <li>Otherwise, i.e. if <var>sss</var> does not contain a universal or
629  hexadecimal representation of the character.  If the character          type selector, then
630  is outside the range of <code>[<code class=char>U+0000</code>,          <a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector" title="serialize a simple selector">serialize
631  <code class=char>U+10FFFF</code>]</code>, <var>HHHHHH</var>          a simple selector <code>*</code></a> and append the result to
632  <em class=rfc2119>MUST</em> be <code>FFFFFF</code>.</p></li>          <var>result</var>.</li>
633  <li><p>Insert a <code class=char>U+0022</code> <code class=charname>QUOTATION          <li><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector" title="serialize a simple selector">Serialize
634  MARK</code> (<code class=char>"</code>) at the beginning of          any attribute selectors</a> in <var>sss</var>, sort the results,
635  <var>s</var>.</p></li>          then append them to <var>result</var> in order.</li>
636  <li><p>Insert a <code class=char>U+0022</code> <code class=charname>QUOTATION          <li><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector" title="serialize a simple selector">Serialize
637  MARK</code> (<code class=char>"</code>) at the end of <var>s</var>.</p></li>          any class selectors</a> in <var>sss</var>, sort the results,
638  <li><p>Then, <var>s</var> is the result of the algorithm.</p></li>          then append them to <var>result</var> in order.</li>
639  </ol>          <li><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector" title="serialize a simple selector">Serialize
640            any <abbr>ID</abbr> selectors</a> in <var>sss</var>, sort the results,
641  <p>A <dfn id=newline title=newline>newline</dfn>          then append them to <var>result</var> in order.</li>
642  <em class=rfc2119>SHOULD</em> be represented as a          <li><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector" title="serialize a simple selector">Serialize
643  <code class=char>U+000A</code> <code class=charname>LINE FEED</code>          any pseudo$B!>(Bclass selectors</a> in <var>sss</var>, sort the results,
644  character.  However, depending on the context where          then append them to <var>result</var> in order.</li>
645  the <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>          <li><a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector" title="serialize a simple selector">Serialize
646  representation is in use, a sequence of          any pseudo elements</a> in <var>sss</var>, sort the results,
647  <code class=char>U+000D</code> <code class=charname>CARRIAGE RETURN</code>          then append them to <var>result</var> in order.</li>
648  followed by a <code class=char>U+000A</code>          <li>Append a <a href="#newline">newline</a> to <var>result</var>.</li>
649  <code class=charname>LINE FEED</code> (i.e. a          </ol>
650  <code>CRLF</code> sequence) or a character        </dd>
651  <code class=char>U+000D</code> <code class=charname>CARRIAGE RETURN</code>      <dt>If it is a combinator (<dfn id=var-c><var>c</var></dfn>)</dt>
652  <em class=rfc2119>MAY</em> be used as a <a href="#newline">newline</a> instead.        <dd>
653  <a href="#newline">Newline</a> representations          <ol>
654  <em class=rfc2119>SHOULD</em> be consistent in an          <li>Append two <code class=char>U+0020</code>
655  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>          <code class=charname>SPACE</code> characters to <var>result</var>.</li>
656  representation.</p>          <li>Process <var>c</var> as following:
657    
658  <div class="note memo">            <dl class=switch>
659  <p>Therefore, newlines must be normalized before            <dt>If <var>c</var> is descendant combinator (white space)</dt>
660                <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+0020</code>
661                <code class=charname>SPACE</code> character to
662                <var>result</var>.</dd>
663              <dt>If <var>c</var> is child combinator
664              (<code class=char>></code>)</dt>
665                <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+003E</code>
666                <code class=charname>GREATER-THAN SIGN</code>
667                (<code class=char>></code>) character to <var>result</var>.</dd>
668              <dt>If <var>c</var> is adjacent sibling combinator
669              (<code class=char>+</code>)</dt>
670                <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+002B</code>
671                <code class=charname>PLUS SIGN</code> (<code class=char>+</code>)
672                character to <var>result</var>.</dd>
673              <dt>If <var>c</var> is general sibling combinator
674              (<code class=char>~</code>)</dt>
675                <dd>Append a <code class=char>U+007E</code>
676                <code class=charname>TILDE</code> (<code class=char>~</code>)
677                character to <var>result</var>.</dd>
678              </dl>
679            </li>
680            <li>Append a <code class=char>U+0020</code>
681            <code class=charname>SPACE</code> character to
682            <var>result</var>.</li>
683            </ol>
684          </dd>
685        </dl>
686      </ol>
687    </li>
688    <li>Then, <var>result</var> is the
689  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
690  representations are literally compared.</p>  representation of <var>gs</var>.</li>
691  </div>  </ol>
692    
693  </div>  </div>
694    
# Line 583  representations are literally compared.< Line 697  representations are literally compared.<
697  <div class="section" id="parsing">  <div class="section" id="parsing">
698  <h2>Parsing  <h2>Parsing
699  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
700  Groups of Selectors</h2>  Representations of Selectors</h2>
701    
702  <p>Since <a href="#serializing">the serializing algorithm</a> is  <p>Since <a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-group-of-selectors">the serializing
703  so designed that it always output a valid  algorithm for groups of selectors</a> is so designed that it always outputs a
704  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#grouping">group of  valid <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#grouping">group of
705  selectors</a>, no special parser for the  selectors</a>, no special parser for the
706  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>  <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
707  representation is necessary.  Any conforming parser for  representation is necessary.  Any conforming parser for
708  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#grouping">groups of  <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#grouping">groups of
709  selectors</a> <em class=rfc2119>MAY</em> be used  selectors</a> <em class=rfc2119>MAY</em> be used
710  to parse <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>  to parse <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
711  representations of groups of selectors.</p>  representations of
712    <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#grouping">groups of
713    selectors</a>.</p>
714    
715    <p>Likewise, <a href="#algorithm-serialize-a-simple-selector">the serializing
716    algorithm for simple selectors</a> always outputs a valid
717    <a href="#simple-selector">simple selector</a> and therefore any
718    conforming parser for <a href="#simple-selector">simple selector</a>
719    <em class=rfc2119>MAY</em> be used to parse
720    <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
721    representations of <a href="#simple-selector">simple selectors</a>.</p>
722  </div>  </div>
723    
724  <div class="section" id="examples">  <div class="section" id="examples">
# Line 602  representations of groups of selectors.< Line 726  representations of groups of selectors.<
726    
727  <p class=section-info>This section is <em>non$B!>(Bnormative</em>.</p>  <p class=section-info>This section is <em>non$B!>(Bnormative</em>.</p>
728    
 <div class="ed issue">  
 <p><a href="http://suika.fam.cx/gate/2007/css/parser-interface">Try demo</a>,  
 by choosing <q>Selectors</q> radio button.</p>  
   
729  <div class="example figure block">  <div class="example figure block">
730  <div class="caption">...</div>  <p>The <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
731    representation of a selector <code>p + q</code> is:</p>
732    
733  <pre><code>...</code></pre>  <pre><code>    *|p
734      + *|q
735    </code></pre>
736  </div>  </div>
737    
738    <div class="example figure block">
739    <p>The <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
740    representation of a selector <code>a#id.class1:n\ot(:Active)/*
741     comment
742    */.class2</code> is:</p>
743    
744    <pre><code>    *|a.class1.class2#id:not(
745            :active
746        )
747    </code></pre>
748    </div>
749    
750    <div class="example figure block">
751    <p>The <abbr title="Selectors Serialization Format for Testing">SSFT</abbr>
752    representation of a
753    <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-selectors/#grouping">group of selectors</a>
754    <code>a, #b, C[d^=e], .\31 23</code> is:</p>
755    
756    <pre><code>    *|a
757    ,
758        *|*#b
759    ,
760        *|C[|d^="e"]
761    ,
762        *|*.\00003123
763    </code></pre>
764  </div>  </div>
765    
766  </div>  </div>
# Line 630  by choosing <q>Selectors</q> radio butto Line 779  by choosing <q>Selectors</q> radio butto
779    <a href="urn:ietf:bcp:14"><abbr title="Best Current Practice">BCP</abbr>    <a href="urn:ietf:bcp:14"><abbr title="Best Current Practice">BCP</abbr>
780    14</a>, <abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 2119,    14</a>, <abbr title="Request for Comments">RFC</abbr> 2119,
781    <time datetime=1997-03>March 1997</time>.    <time datetime=1997-03>March 1997</time>.
782    This version of the specification is referenced</dd>    This version of the specification is referenced.</dd>
783  <dt id=ref-SELECTORS>SELECTORS</dt>  <dt id=ref-SELECTORS>SELECTORS</dt>
784    <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-selectors-20051215"><cite>Selectors</cite></a>,    <dd><a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2005/WD-css3-selectors-20051215"><cite>Selectors</cite></a>,
785    <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Working Draft,    <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Working Draft,
# Line 663  by choosing <q>Selectors</q> radio butto Line 812  by choosing <q>Selectors</q> radio butto
812  <dt id=ref-HTML5>HTML5</dt>  <dt id=ref-HTML5>HTML5</dt>
813    <dd><cite><a href="http://whatwg.org/html5"><abbr>HTML</abbr> 5</a></cite>,    <dd><cite><a href="http://whatwg.org/html5"><abbr>HTML</abbr> 5</a></cite>,
814    <abbr title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">WHATWG</abbr>    <abbr title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">WHATWG</abbr>
815    Working Draft.  Work in progress.</dd>    Working Draft, <time datetime="2007-11-03">3 November 2007</time>.
816      Work in progress.</dd>
817  <dt id=ref-SAPI>SAPI</dt>  <dt id=ref-SAPI>SAPI</dt>
818    <dd><cite><a href="http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/2006/webapi/selectors-api/Overview.html?rev=1.28&amp;content-type=text/html;%20charset=utf-8">Selectors <abbr>API</abbr></a></cite>,    <dd><cite><a href="http://dev.w3.org/cvsweb/~checkout~/2006/webapi/selectors-api/Overview.html?rev=1.28&amp;content-type=text/html;%20charset=utf-8">Selectors <abbr>API</abbr></a></cite>,
819    <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Editor's Draft,    <abbr title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</abbr> Editor's Draft,
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